Waste Reduction and Recycling (Waste Levy) and Other Legislation Amendment Bill 2018

Introduced: 6/9/2018By: Hon L Enoch MPStatus: PASSED with amendment
This summary was generated by AI and has not yet been reviewed by a human.

Plain English Summary

Overview

This bill introduces a waste levy on waste delivered to landfill sites in Queensland, starting at $70 per tonne from March 2019. It aims to discourage landfill disposal, encourage recycling, stop interstate waste dumping, and fund a $100 million resource recovery program. Households are protected from direct cost increases through annual payments to local governments.

Who it affects

Waste disposal site operators face new levy payments, reporting and compliance obligations. Businesses pay higher disposal costs, encouraging them to reduce waste. Households are shielded from direct impacts through council payments.

Key changes

  • Waste levy of $70 per tonne introduced on waste sent to landfill in designated levy zones, rising $5 per year until 2022
  • Annual payments to local governments to ensure no direct cost impact on household waste charges
  • Exemptions for disaster waste, asbestos, clean earth, charitable donations and community clean-up waste
  • $100 million Resource Recovery Industry Development Program to support recycling infrastructure and jobs
  • Transitional exemptions for existing recyclers facing hardship until June 2022
  • Heavy penalties for levy evasion including up to two years imprisonment, and increased penalties for illegal dumping
  • Resource recovery areas can be declared at landfill sites where recyclables are sorted without attracting the levy

Bill Story

The journey of this bill through Parliament, including debate and recorded votes.

Introduced6 Sept 2018View Hansard
First Reading6 Sept 2018View Hansard
Committee6 Sept 2018View Hansard

Referred to Innovation, Tourism Development and Environment Committee

Committee Findings
Recommended passage

The Innovation, Tourism Development and Environment Committee examined the bill over six weeks, receiving 37 written submissions and holding public hearings in Ipswich and Rockhampton, as well as conducting site visits. The committee recommended the bill be passed, noting the opportunities the waste levy would provide to develop Queensland's recycling and resource recovery industry. Two statements of reservation were filed: one by the Member for Noosa calling for permanent ring-fencing of levy revenue for environmental initiatives, and another by the LNP members opposing the bill as a cost impost on families and businesses.

Key findings (5)
  • The waste and recycling industry broadly supported the introduction of a waste levy as a necessary price signal to encourage diversion from landfill, noting Queensland had fallen behind other states without one.
  • Local governments and industry groups raised significant concerns about the proposed 4 March 2019 commencement date, arguing insufficient time for infrastructure upgrades such as weighbridges and IT systems.
  • The proposed two-zone levy system (levy zone covering 38 local government areas with populations over 10,000, and a non-levy zone for the rest) drew criticism from regional councils who argued the population threshold was arbitrary and did not account for local economic conditions.
  • Several stakeholders questioned whether less than 10 per cent of the estimated $1.3 billion in levy revenue being directed to environmental programs was sufficient to support the recycling industry transition.
  • The committee noted the department's advice that it would consider amendments to accommodate disposal of mining waste from multiple resource activities to a common facility.
Recommendations (1)
  • The committee recommends the Waste Reduction and Recycling (Waste Levy) and Other Legislation Amendment Bill 2018 be passed.
Dissenting views: Sandy Bolton MP (Member for Noosa) filed a statement of reservation supporting the recommendation but raising concerns that levy proceeds were not fully allocated to councils for waste management, that changes of government could affect the levy's continuity, and that revenue should be permanently ring-fenced for environmental initiatives through primary legislation. The LNP members, represented by Jon Krause MP (Member for Scenic Rim), filed a statement of reservation opposing the bill, arguing it was a tax on families and businesses with less than 10 per cent of revenue directed to environmental programs, that no specific modelling on the impact to small business had been undertaken, and that the bill would disproportionately affect regional communities lacking recycling infrastructure.
AI-generated summary — may contain errors
Committee Report22 Oct 2018

Committee report tabled

Second Reading13 Feb 2019View Hansard

That the bill be now read a second time

Vote on whether to advance the Waste Reduction and Recycling (Waste Levy) bill past the second reading. ALP, Greens and Independent Bolton voted in favour (48); LNP, KAP and PHON voted against (39).

Passed48 ayes – 39 noes2019-02-14

The motion passed.

Show individual votes

Ayes (48)

B. O’Rourke(Australian Labor Party)
Bailey(Australian Labor Party)
Berkman(Queensland Greens)
Bolton(Independent)
Boyd(Australian Labor Party)
Brown(Australian Labor Party)
Butcher(Australian Labor Party)
C. O’Rourke(Australian Labor Party)
Crawford(Australian Labor Party)
Dick(Australian Labor Party)
D’Ath(Australian Labor Party)
Enoch(Australian Labor Party)
Farmer(Australian Labor Party)
Fentiman(Australian Labor Party)
Gilbert(Australian Labor Party)
Grace(Australian Labor Party)
Harper(Australian Labor Party)
Healy(Australian Labor Party)
Hinchliffe(Australian Labor Party)
Howard(Australian Labor Party)
Jones(Australian Labor Party)
Kelly(Australian Labor Party)
King
Lauga(Australian Labor Party)
Linard(Australian Labor Party)
Lui(Australian Labor Party)
Lynham(Australian Labor Party)
Madden(Australian Labor Party)
McMahon(Australian Labor Party)
McMillan(Australian Labor Party)
Mellish(Australian Labor Party)
Miles(Australian Labor Party)
Miller(Australian Labor Party)
Mullen(Australian Labor Party)
Palaszczuk(Australian Labor Party)
Pease(Australian Labor Party)
Pegg(Australian Labor Party)
Power(Australian Labor Party)
Pugh(Australian Labor Party)
Richards(Australian Labor Party)
Russo(Australian Labor Party)
Ryan(Australian Labor Party)
Saunders(Australian Labor Party)
Scanlon(Australian Labor Party)
Stewart(Australian Labor Party)
Trad(Australian Labor Party)
Whiting(Australian Labor Party)
de Brenni(Australian Labor Party)

Noes (39)

Andrew(One Nation Party)
Bates(Liberal National Party)
Batt(Liberal National Party)
Bennett(Liberal National Party)
Bleijie(Liberal National Party)
Boothman(Liberal National Party)
Boyce(Liberal National Party)
Crandon(Liberal National Party)
Crisafulli(Liberal National Party)
Dametto(Katter's Australian Party)
Frecklington(Liberal National Party)
Hart(Liberal National Party)
Hunt(Liberal National Party)
Janetzki(Liberal National Party)
Knuth(Katter's Australian Party)
Krause(Liberal National Party)
Langbroek(Liberal National Party)
Last(Liberal National Party)
Leahy(Liberal National Party)
Lister(Liberal National Party)
Mander(Liberal National Party)
McArdle(Liberal National Party)
McDonald(Liberal National Party)
Millar(Liberal National Party)
Minnikin(Liberal National Party)
Molhoek(Liberal National Party)
Nicholls(Liberal National Party)
O’Connor(Liberal National Party)
Powell(Liberal National Party)
Purdie(Liberal National Party)
Robinson(Liberal National Party)
Rowan(Liberal National Party)
Simpson(Liberal National Party)
Sorensen(Liberal National Party)
Stevens(Liberal National Party)
Stuckey(Liberal National Party)
Watts(Liberal National Party)
Weir(Liberal National Party)
Wilson(Liberal National Party)

Vote on a motion

This division was on a separate motion debated on the same sitting day (13 February 2019) and does not relate directly to the Waste Reduction and Recycling bill debate, which was adjourned without a vote on this date.

Defeated40 ayes – 47 noes2019-02-13

The motion was rejected.

A formal vote on whether to accept a proposal — this could be the bill itself, an amendment, or another motion.

Show individual votes

Ayes (40)

Andrew(One Nation Party)
Bates(Liberal National Party)
Batt(Liberal National Party)
Bennett(Liberal National Party)
Bleijie(Liberal National Party)
Bolton(Independent)
Boothman(Liberal National Party)
Boyce(Liberal National Party)
Crandon(Liberal National Party)
Crisafulli(Liberal National Party)
Dametto(Katter's Australian Party)
Frecklington(Liberal National Party)
Hart(Liberal National Party)
Hunt(Liberal National Party)
Janetzki(Liberal National Party)
Knuth(Katter's Australian Party)
Krause(Liberal National Party)
Langbroek(Liberal National Party)
Last(Liberal National Party)
Leahy(Liberal National Party)
Lister(Liberal National Party)
Mander(Liberal National Party)
McArdle(Liberal National Party)
McDonald(Liberal National Party)
Millar(Liberal National Party)
Minnikin(Liberal National Party)
Molhoek(Liberal National Party)
Nicholls(Liberal National Party)
O’Connor(Liberal National Party)
Powell(Liberal National Party)
Purdie(Liberal National Party)
Robinson(Liberal National Party)
Rowan(Liberal National Party)
Simpson(Liberal National Party)
Sorensen(Liberal National Party)
Stevens(Liberal National Party)
Stuckey(Liberal National Party)
Watts(Liberal National Party)
Weir(Liberal National Party)
Wilson(Liberal National Party)

Noes (47)

B. O’Rourke(Australian Labor Party)
Bailey(Australian Labor Party)
Berkman(Queensland Greens)
Boyd(Australian Labor Party)
Brown(Australian Labor Party)
Butcher(Australian Labor Party)
C. O’Rourke(Australian Labor Party)
Crawford(Australian Labor Party)
Dick(Australian Labor Party)
D’Ath(Australian Labor Party)
Enoch(Australian Labor Party)
Farmer(Australian Labor Party)
Fentiman(Australian Labor Party)
Gilbert(Australian Labor Party)
Grace(Australian Labor Party)
Harper(Australian Labor Party)
Healy(Australian Labor Party)
Hinchliffe(Australian Labor Party)
Howard(Australian Labor Party)
Jones(Australian Labor Party)
Kelly(Australian Labor Party)
King
Lauga(Australian Labor Party)
Linard(Australian Labor Party)
Lui(Australian Labor Party)
Lynham(Australian Labor Party)
Madden(Australian Labor Party)
McMahon(Australian Labor Party)
McMillan(Australian Labor Party)
Mellish(Australian Labor Party)
Miles(Australian Labor Party)
Miller(Australian Labor Party)
Mullen(Australian Labor Party)
Palaszczuk(Australian Labor Party)
Pease(Australian Labor Party)
Pegg(Australian Labor Party)
Power(Australian Labor Party)
Pugh(Australian Labor Party)
Richards(Australian Labor Party)
Russo(Australian Labor Party)
Ryan(Australian Labor Party)
Saunders(Australian Labor Party)
Scanlon(Australian Labor Party)
Stewart(Australian Labor Party)
Trad(Australian Labor Party)
Whiting(Australian Labor Party)
de Brenni(Australian Labor Party)
24 members spoke12 support12 oppose
5.30 pmMr CRISAFULLIOpposes

Moved the disallowance motion against the waste levy, arguing it was a fundamental breach of trust as the government promised only four new taxes before the election, and that the levy is nothing more than a money grab that will hurt businesses and households.

The disallowance motion has been moved because it was a poorly thought out tax. It was a breach of trust. Those opposite know full well that it is nothing more than a money grab.2019-08-20View Hansard
4.00 pmHon. LM ENOCHSupports

Continued her reply to the second reading debate, defending the 70 per cent hypothecation of levy funds and moving 48 government amendments during consideration in detail including deferring commencement to 1 July 2019 and exemptions for serious local events, acid sulphate soils, and plantation forestry waste.

The only reason Queensland is in the situation we are currently in—where we are on the receiving end of interstate dumping—is that in 2012 the LNP recklessly repealed the waste levy we had in this state.2019-02-14View Hansard
3.02 pmHon. LM ENOCHSupports

As minister, moved the second reading and outlined the bill's purpose to introduce a waste levy to stop interstate dumping, stimulate recycling investment, and modernise waste management. Announced amendments to defer commencement to 1 July 2019 and various exemptions.

For six long years Queensland has been burdened with the legacy of the former LNP government's decision to repeal the previous waste levy.2019-02-13View Hansard
5.45 pmMr PEGGSupports

Spoke against the disallowance motion, arguing the waste levy had only been in place for 50 days and that the opposition could not talk the talk on the environment without walking the walk.

You cannot just talk the talk when it comes to the environment; you have to walk the walk.2019-08-20View Hansard
3.25 pmMr CRISAFULLIOpposes

Led LNP opposition, arguing the $1.3 billion levy is a tax grab that was not disclosed before the election, will hurt families and businesses, and that nearly 90 per cent of funds will go to government rather than the environment.

We will be opposing it because it is not a levy at all, it is a tax, it is a money grab, and even with the minister's concessions today still nearly 90 per cent of funds collected will return to government in some form or another.2019-02-13View Hansard
5.52 pmMr BENNETTOpposes

Supported the disallowance motion, arguing the levy is a revenue strategy not a waste strategy, and that disposal costs would double or quadruple for many companies, hurting regional communities.

It has been said already that this is not a waste strategy; it is a revenue strategy.2019-08-20View Hansard
Mr KRAUSEOpposes

As LNP committee member, opposed the bill and raised concerns about impacts on regional councils and the inclusion of Mount Isa in the levy zone.

The member for Scenic Rim also expressed concerns about the impact of the levy on regional areas.2019-02-13View Hansard
6.02 pmHon. MC de BRENNISupports

As Minister for Housing and Public Works, spoke against the disallowance motion, defending the waste levy's role in supporting the $2.1 billion recycling industry and 11,000 Queensland jobs.

Why on earth would anyone come into this place and undermine an emerging recycling industry that is worth $2.1 billion and supports 11,000 Queensland jobs?2019-08-20View Hansard
Mr MADDENSupports

Supported the bill, highlighting the devastating impact of the LNP's 2012 levy removal on Ipswich, which became the dumping ground for interstate waste with major landfills accepting the bulk of Queensland's waste.

The need for a waste levy in Queensland cannot be understated and can no longer be ignored. We need it to stop the interstate trucks coming across our border, and we need it to kick-start investment in the recycling industry in Queensland.2019-02-13View Hansard
6.11 pmMr KRAUSEOpposes

Supported the disallowance motion, calling the waste levy nothing but a tax grab with $9 out of every $10 going straight into Treasury coffers rather than waste reduction.

This waste levy and the regulation that is putting in place the waste levy is nothing but a tax grab.2019-08-20View Hansard

Spoke on the integrated transport planning report in the same section, criticising road maintenance underfunding at only 16 per cent of need, but context indicates he aligned with LNP opposition to the waste levy.

Pavement rehabilitation is funded to about 16 per cent of the need. Sixteen per cent is all they are funding to reseal these roads.2019-02-14View Hansard
4.18 pmMs BOLTONSupports

Supported the bill while calling for permanent ring fencing of all levy revenue for environmental initiatives exclusively, expressing concern that putting money into general revenue weakens the bill's credentials.

Allocating proceeds exclusively to environmental initiatives would demonstrate unparalleled environmental leadership and help fund initiatives that will improve Queensland for all of us and for future generations.2019-02-13View Hansard
6.20 pmHon. DE FARMERSupports

As Minister for Child Safety, spoke against the disallowance motion, drawing on her experience on the parliamentary committee when the original waste levy was introduced, and defending it as vital for the environment, economy and people of Queensland.

There are so many reasons it is really important that we keep this waste levy in place for our environment, our economy and the people of Queensland.2019-08-20View Hansard
4.23 pmMs LUISupports

Supported the bill, noting that while Cape York and Torres Strait communities sit in the non-levy zone, she observed overcrowded landfills during visits and welcomed the cultural shift toward better waste management.

Since 2012 over 3.5 million tonnes of waste have been trucked across the border into Queensland, including 1.2 million tonnes in 2017-18 alone.2019-02-13View Hansard
6.30 pmMr KATTEROpposes

Supported the disallowance motion on behalf of KAP, arguing the waste levy disproportionately impacts remote communities like Mount Isa where there are no recycling alternatives and waste disposal costs are already high.

What about the old adage that Queensland is too big a state for one set of laws to apply everywhere? There is no better example than Mount Isa in terms of this waste levy.2019-08-20View Hansard
4.31 pmMr MANDEROpposes

As Deputy Leader of the Opposition, characterised the levy as a con and a sham, arguing it originated from the Treasurer rather than the Environment Minister to cover the cost of 25,000-30,000 extra public servants.

This is not a bill that originated from the Minister for Environment: this is a bill that originated from the Treasurer.2019-02-13View Hansard
6.38 pmHon. LM ENOCHSupports

As Minister for Environment, closed the debate by strongly opposing the disallowance motion, arguing the waste levy supports the recycling industry, creates jobs and prevents Queensland from becoming a dumping ground.

We will fight the war on waste and we will support industry, councils and Queenslanders as we do it. I strongly oppose the motion and I call on all members in this House to do the same.2019-08-20View Hansard
4.41 pmMrs GILBERTSupports

Supported the bill, linking waste reduction to climate change action and highlighting the success of the Containers for Change scheme in Mackay through the local business Anything Environmental which grew from 4 to 16 employees.

For every 10,000 tonnes of rubbish that goes into landfill three jobs are created. For the same amount of rubbish recycled, nine jobs are created.2019-02-13View Hansard
6.58 pmMr NICHOLLSOpposes

Briefly supported the disallowance motion before being cut short as the minister had already closed the debate, arguing the government knew the tax was wrong because they did not announce it before the election.

The government knows this tax is wrong. It knows it is wrong because it did not announce it before the last election.2019-08-20View Hansard
4.47 pmMr BOOTHMANOpposes

Opposed the bill as another Labor tax grab, arguing that interstate dumping actually decreased during LNP years and increased under Labor, and that the government allowed the proliferation of dumps in the Ipswich area.

The government's own report found that interstate dumping dramatically increased under Labor yet decreased during the LNP years of government.2019-02-13View Hansard
6.26 pmMs LEAHYOpposes

Opposed the bill as a poorly constructed tax grab, highlighting the impact on regional councils including Mount Isa ($320 per ratepayer) and Maranoa Regional Council, and criticising the insufficient consultation period of only nine business days.

Less than 10 cents in the dollar of the estimated $1.3 billion raised will go towards environmental programs. Where does the over 90 cents in the dollar go? It goes to the government.2019-02-13View Hansard
6.36 pmHon. CR DICKSupports

Strongly supported the bill, condemning the LNP's 2012 levy removal as one of the most egregious policy failures, and highlighting the $100 million Resource Recovery Industry Development Fund as creating new sustainable jobs.

Of the litany of the LNP's policy failures in government, the abolition of the waste levy is surely one of the most egregious and destructive and certainly the one whose consequences are the most enduring.2019-02-13View Hansard
6.46 pmMrs STUCKEYOpposes

Opposed the bill as a tax grab, noting the levy rate had doubled from $35 in 2011 to $70 in 2018, citing industry estimates of $3,650 added to the cost of a new home, and criticising the container refund scheme rollout.

How can the Premier be believed when in 2018—seven years later—she said, 'Queensland families will not face the cost of this levy.' Who does she think run our small businesses? Robots?2019-02-13View Hansard
6.56 pmMr KELLYSupports

Supported the bill as another step in unravelling the Newman government's legacy, arguing recycling creates three times the jobs of landfill and the levy supports decarbonisation.

Perhaps the first reason is that it is another step in unravelling the destructive legacy of the Newman government.2019-02-13View Hansard
In Detail13 Feb 2019 – 14 Feb 2019View Hansard
Government amendmentPassed

Government amendments 1-4 to clauses 1-5: changed the short title to remove 'and Other Legislation', deferred levy commencement from 4 March 2019 to 1 July 2019, and excluded certain facilities handling only exempt waste types from being classified as waste disposal sites.

Moved by Hon. LM ENOCH
Government amendmentPassed

Government amendments 5-11 to clause 6: inserted exemptions for serious local event waste (storms/floods below disaster declaration threshold), acid sulphate soil in dredge spoil, litter collected by plantation licensees, and corrected terminology.

Moved by Hon. LM ENOCH
Government amendmentPassed

Government amendments 12-48 to clauses 6-20: further exemptions for serious local event waste applications, technical clarifications for mixed loads and exempt waste levy rates, weighbridge requirements, small vehicle measurement exemptions, transitional provisions for recyclers, and dictionary definitions.

Moved by Hon. LM ENOCH

Continued opposition during consideration in detail, arguing the 55 amendments show poor planning, criticising the minister's claim that builders overorder materials, and protesting that debate was guillotined preventing more than a dozen members from speaking.

The amendments do not show a consultative government; they in fact show a government that planned poorly, a government that was not ready, and a government that failed to tell people about their biggest tax heading into an election.2019-02-14View Hansard
Mr WATTSOpposes

Spoke during consideration in detail, questioning whether the levy would apply to domestic violence shelters, disability homes and charitable organisations, and characterising it as a $1.3 billion tax grab.

Will this tax grab, as per the short title of the bill, apply to DV shelters? Will it apply to disability homes? Will it apply to the waste that comes out of the charitable organisations that do good work in this state every day?2019-02-14View Hansard
Mr POWELLOpposes

Spoke during consideration in detail about the amendment for illegal dumping in forestry areas, arguing it is an admission that the levy drives illegal dumping, citing his experience as former environment minister dealing with dumping in Glass House Mountains plantations.

We have here an admission that that is going to happen again. Yes, HQPlantations will do fantastic work in relation to that illegal dumping, but that work is taking them away from their core duties.2019-02-14View Hansard
Third Reading14 Feb 2019View Hansard

That the bill, as amended, be now read a third time

Final passage vote on the waste levy bill after the government's amendments were passed during Consideration in Detail, including deferring the levy commencement to 1 July 2019 and adding exemptions for serious local events, plantation forestry clean-up waste, and acid sulphate soils.

Passed48 ayes – 38 noes2019-02-14

The motion passed.

Show individual votes

Ayes (48)

B. O’Rourke(Australian Labor Party)
Bailey(Australian Labor Party)
Berkman(Queensland Greens)
Bolton(Independent)
Boyd(Australian Labor Party)
Brown(Australian Labor Party)
Butcher(Australian Labor Party)
C. O’Rourke(Australian Labor Party)
Crawford(Australian Labor Party)
Dick(Australian Labor Party)
D’Ath(Australian Labor Party)
Enoch(Australian Labor Party)
Farmer(Australian Labor Party)
Fentiman(Australian Labor Party)
Gilbert(Australian Labor Party)
Grace(Australian Labor Party)
Harper(Australian Labor Party)
Healy(Australian Labor Party)
Hinchliffe(Australian Labor Party)
Howard(Australian Labor Party)
Jones(Australian Labor Party)
Kelly(Australian Labor Party)
King
Lauga(Australian Labor Party)
Linard(Australian Labor Party)
Lui(Australian Labor Party)
Lynham(Australian Labor Party)
Madden(Australian Labor Party)
McMahon(Australian Labor Party)
McMillan(Australian Labor Party)
Mellish(Australian Labor Party)
Miles(Australian Labor Party)
Miller(Australian Labor Party)
Mullen(Australian Labor Party)
Palaszczuk(Australian Labor Party)
Pease(Australian Labor Party)
Pegg(Australian Labor Party)
Power(Australian Labor Party)
Pugh(Australian Labor Party)
Richards(Australian Labor Party)
Russo(Australian Labor Party)
Ryan(Australian Labor Party)
Saunders(Australian Labor Party)
Scanlon(Australian Labor Party)
Stewart(Australian Labor Party)
Trad(Australian Labor Party)
Whiting(Australian Labor Party)
de Brenni(Australian Labor Party)

Noes (38)

Bates(Liberal National Party)
Batt(Liberal National Party)
Bennett(Liberal National Party)
Bleijie(Liberal National Party)
Boothman(Liberal National Party)
Boyce(Liberal National Party)
Crandon(Liberal National Party)
Crisafulli(Liberal National Party)
Dametto(Katter's Australian Party)
Frecklington(Liberal National Party)
Hart(Liberal National Party)
Hunt(Liberal National Party)
Janetzki(Liberal National Party)
Knuth(Katter's Australian Party)
Krause(Liberal National Party)
Langbroek(Liberal National Party)
Last(Liberal National Party)
Leahy(Liberal National Party)
Lister(Liberal National Party)
Mander(Liberal National Party)
McArdle(Liberal National Party)
McDonald(Liberal National Party)
Millar(Liberal National Party)
Minnikin(Liberal National Party)
Molhoek(Liberal National Party)
Nicholls(Liberal National Party)
O’Connor(Liberal National Party)
Powell(Liberal National Party)
Purdie(Liberal National Party)
Robinson(Liberal National Party)
Rowan(Liberal National Party)
Simpson(Liberal National Party)
Sorensen(Liberal National Party)
Stevens(Liberal National Party)
Stuckey(Liberal National Party)
Watts(Liberal National Party)
Weir(Liberal National Party)
Wilson(Liberal National Party)
Royal Assent — Act 2 of 201926 Feb 2019View Hansard

Assent date: 21 February 2019